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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is People Skills (From Wikipedia)?

What are People skills? (from Wikipedia)

People skills are patterns of behavior and behavioral interactions. Among people, it is an umbrella term for skills under three related set of abilities: personal effectiveness, interaction skills, and intercession skills.[1] This is an area of exploration about how a person behaves and how they are perceived irrespective of their thinking and feeling.[2] It is further elaborated as dynamics between personal ecology (cognitive, affective, physical and spiritual dimensions) and its function with other people’s personality styles in numerous environments (life event’s, institution’s, life challenges…etc.).[3] British dictionary definition is “the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way, especially in business” or personal effectiveness skills.[4] In business it is a connection among people in a humane level to achieve productivity.[5]

Portland Business Journal describes people skills as:[6]

History[edit]

Records of guidelines related to “people skills” have been found as early as the Old Testament. Five examples of early human guidelines appear in the Bible. 1 Peter 4:8-9 advises: “Above all, maintain constant love for one another, for love covers a multitude of sins. Be hospitable to one another without complaining.”; and Solomon‘s wisdom in Proverbs 15:1 includes: “A soft answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger.”, along similar lines in Proverbs 16:21 includes: “The wise of heart is called perceptive, and pleasant speech increases persuasiveness.”; 1 Thessalonians 5:14 dictates: “And we urge you, beloved, to discourage the idlers, encourage the fainthearted, help the weak, be patient with all of them.”; Titus 3:2 advises: ” To speak evil of no one, to avoid quarreling, to be gentle, and to show every courtesy to everyone.”; and in Galatians 6:2 encourages: “Bear one another’s burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law (Golden Rule given earlier in Leviticus 19:18) of Christ.”[7]

Human-relations studies emerged in the 1920s when companies became more interested in “soft skills” and interpersonal skills of employees.[8] In organizations, improving people skills became a specialized role of the corporate trainer. By the mid-1930s, Dale Carnegie popularized people skills in How to Win Friends and Influence People and How to Stop Worrying and Start Living worldwide.

In the 1960s, US schools introduced people-skills topics and methods—often as a way to promote better self-esteem, communication and social interaction. These encompassed psychologist Thomas Gordon‘s “Effectiveness Training” variations as well as many other training programs.[9] (By the 1980s, “traditional education” and a “back-to-basics” three-Rs emphasis largely pushed these programs aside,[10] with notable exceptions.[11])

The first documented use of the phrase “people skills” was around 1970.[12]

Business impact[edit]

The SCANS report states that business, labor and government authorities agree that having a wide range of people skills are necessary for 20th-century work success.[13] Skills like customer service, building effective relationships, and teamwork are among the abilities most requested by employers in job postings.[14] Lack of these skills is considered a serious psychological handicap. Constructive leadership based companies engage in helping individuals to grow, and through that growth employees take more responsibility and discharge it effectively. This in-turn will enhance the basic attitude of the individual; and that will reflect the general level of performance in workplace. Studies indicate that many people who have difficulty in obtaining or holding a job possess the needed technical competence but lack interpersonal competence.[15]

Lawrence A. Appley of American Management Association, reflected on these trainings as a responsibility to “increase the knowledge, sharpen and add to the skills, improve the habits, and change the attitudes of many of those for whose development we are responsible.”[16] Lack of people skills among upper echelons[17] (top management) can result in bullying and/or harassment, which is not uncommon in the modern workplace due to changing values. The causes that are most identified with the situation are lack of necessary motivation, communication, influencing skills and empathy gap among upper echelons (Gilbert and Thompson, 2002). Training company staff in people skills and interpersonal skills increases the morale and dignity at work (Best, 2010). Employers that do not take steps to prevent harassment can face major costs in decreased productivity, low morale, increased absenteeism and health care costs, and potential legal expenses.

Educational importance[edit]

The Collaborative for Academic Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL) has identified 22 programs in the US that are especially comprehensive in social-emotional learning coverage and effective in documented impacts.[18][19] UNESCO research found that young people who develop speaking/listening skills and who get to know others without WIIFM[20] attitude have improved self-awareness, social-emotional adjustment and classroom behavior; in addition, self-destructive and violent behavior also decreased.[21] People skills are also important for teachers in effective classroom management. Educators have found that more is needed than a degree in the field they are teaching. Knowing how to communicate and teach people instead of simply teaching their subject will help make a difference in the classroom.[22] It is identified that 50 percent of classroom success lies in effective interpersonal relationships while the other 50 percent lies within academic skills.[23] Requirement of people skills education is greatly emphasized within higher education and recruiters stress the required focus on this skills for securing entry-level jobs right off from campus placements.[24] Oral communication and teamwork were ranked number 1 and 2 respectively among 15 job skills that executives and hiring managers identified as very important for new employees in a large US 2018 survey.[25] But employers have trouble finding new employees with good oral communication because schools are not teaching the skills.[26]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Neil Thompson (2009). People Skills, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0230221122
  2. ^ Peter Honey (2001). Improve Your People Skills, CIPD Publishing. ISBN 085292903X
  3. ^ People Skills, Tony Burton
  4. ^ “Macmillan Dictionary” Retrieved on 2009-08-18
  5. ^ J Smith. “The 20 People Skills You Need To Succeed At Work”, Forbes, 15 November 2013. Retrieved on 17 January 2014
  6. ^ Rifkin, H. “Invest in people skills to boost bottom line” Retrieved on 2009-10-14
  7. ^ “New Revised Standard Version” Retrieved on 2009-08-18
  8. ^ Whiting, Richard (1964). “Historical Search in Human Relations”. The Academy of Management Journal. Academy of Management. 7 (1): 45–53. doi:10.2307/255233. JSTOR 255233.
  9. ^ Schaps, E.; Cohen, A.Y.; and Resnik, H.S.: “Balancing Head and Heart” PIRE. Retrieved on 2009-08-18 Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Doll, R.C. “Humanizing Education by Improving Communication” ERIC. Retrieved on 2009-08-19 Archived 2020-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ “Stop. Think. Act. Program” Learning Matters. Retrieved on 2009-08-18 Archived 2009-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Ngram for people skills
  13. ^ “Secretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS)” US Dept. of Labor. Retrieved on 2009-08-18
  14. ^ “The Human Factor: The Hard Time Employers Have Finding Soft Skills,” Burning Glass Technologies, November 2015
  15. ^ “Human Relations facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Human Relations”. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  16. ^ Harwood F Merrill & Elizabeth Marting (1952). Developing Executive Skills, American Management Association, NY.
  17. ^ Hambrick, Donald C. (2015). “Upper echelons theory”. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management. doi:10.1057/9781137294678.0713. ISBN 9781137294678.
  18. ^ “CASEL “Select” Programs” Retrieved on 2009-08-18 Archived 2009-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ “Century of research confirms impact of psychosocial factors on health” APA. Retrieved on 2015-10-18
  20. ^ “WIIFM”.
  21. ^ “UNESCO Research” Archived 2007-11-04 at the Wayback Machine British Telecommunications. Retrieved on 2009-08-18
  22. ^ Bolton, Robert (2009-11-24). People Skills. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439188347.
  23. ^ Jerry Boyle, (2011). It’s All about People Skills: Surviving Challenges in the Classroom. ISBN 1610486102
  24. ^ Fellers, J. W. (1996). People Skills: Using the Cooperative Learning Model to Teach Students “People Skills”. Interfaces, 26(5), 42-49.
  25. ^ Hart Research Associates. “Key Findings From 2018 Employer Research” (PDF). AACU.org. AAC&U. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  26. ^ Gewertz, Catherine (2018-09-26). “Speaking Skills Top Employer Wish Lists. But Schools Don’t Teach Them”. Education Week. Retrieved 30 June 2019.

Further reading[edit]

What is Soft Skills?

What is Soft skills (from Wikipedia)

Soft skills, also known as power skills, common skills, essential skills, or core skills, are skills applicable to all professions.[1][2][3][4] These include critical thinking, problem solving, public speaking, professional writing, teamwork, digital literacy, leadership, professional attitude, work ethic, career management and intercultural fluency. This is in contrast to hard skills, which are specific to individual professions.[5][6][7]

The word “skill” highlights the practical function. The term alone has a broad meaning, and describes a particular ability to complete tasks ranging from easier ones like learning how to kick a ball[6] to harder ones like learning to be creative.[6] In this specific instance, the word “skill” has to be interpreted as the ability to master hardly controlled actions.

History[edit]

The term “soft skills” was created by the U.S. Army in the late 1960s. It refers to any skill that does not employ the use of machinery. The military realized that many important activities were included within this category, and in fact, the social skills necessary to lead groups, motivate soldiers, and win wars were encompassed by skills they had not yet catalogued or fully studied. Since 1959, the U.S. Army has been investing a considerable amount of resources into technology-based development of training procedures. In 1968 the U.S. Army officially introduced a training doctrine known as “Systems Engineering of Training” covered in the document CON Reg 35 -100-1.[8][9]

PG Whitmore cited the CON Reg 350-100-1 definition: “job-related skills involving actions affecting primarily people and paper, e.g., inspecting troops, supervising office personnel, conducting studies, preparing maintenance reports, preparing efficiency reports, designing bridge structures.”[10]

In 1972, a US Army training manual began the formal usage of the term “soft skills”.[11] At the 1972 CONARC Soft Skills Conference, Dr. Whitmore presented a report[12][13][14] aimed at figuring out how the term “soft skills” is understood in various CONARC schools. After designing and processing a questionnaire, experts formulated a new tentative definition: “Soft skills are important job-related skills that involve little or no interaction with machines and whose application on the job is quite generalized.”[12][14]

They further criticized the state of the concept then as vague with a remark “in other words, those job functions about which we know a good deal are hard skills and those about which we know very little are soft skills.” Another immediate study by them also concluded in a negative tone.[12]

Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey famously stated that social intelligence, rather than qualitative intelligence, defines humans. Many industries today give prominence to the soft skills of their employees. Some companies now offer professional training of soft skills to their employees.

Concept[edit]

Soft skills are personal attributes that enable someone to interact effectively. These skills can include social graces, communication abilities, language skills, personal habits, cognitive or emotional empathy, time management, teamwork and leadership traits. A definition based on review literature explains soft skills as an umbrella term for skills under three key functional elements: people skills, social skills, and personal career attributes.[2]

The importance of soft skills lies in the fact that they are not restricted to a specific field. These thinking dispositions consist of a group of abilities that can be used in every aspect of people’s lives, without any need to readapt them based on the situation. Their ductility helps “people to adapt and behave positively so that they can deal effectively with the challenges of their professional and everyday life”.[15] Soft skills make people flexible in a world which keeps changing.

Interest in soft skills has increased over the years. The more research that is conducted, the more people understand the relevance of this concept. The huge amount of fund companies and worldwide organizations are investing in the training and development of this field shows this interest. The European Commission launched the program Agenda for new skills and jobs in 2012 in order to train and explain to young adults this new set of skills.[15]

In the 21st century, soft skills are a major differentiator, a sine qua non for employability and success in life.[16] The Nobel Prize-winning economist James Heckman claims that “soft skills predict success in life, that they casually produce that success, and that programs that enhance soft skills have an important place in an effective portfolio of public policies”.[15] The significance employers give to the topic is shown by the fact that soft skills are now as important as GPA (once considered the most important factor in making decisions) in hiring a new worker.[15]

The high request, and the broadly diffused confusion about the meaning and the training of soft skills represent two elements that can explain the lack of soft skills in the job market. Employers struggle to find leaders and worker able to keep up with the evolving job market. The problem is not limited to young people who are looking for a job, but also for actual employees. A 2019 survey by the Society for Human Resource Management found that three-quarters of employers have a hard time finding graduates with the soft skills their companies need.[17]

Versus hard skills[edit]

“Hard skills include technical or administrative competence”.[18] Soft skills are commonly used to “refer to the “emotional side” of human beings in opposition to the IQ (Intelligence Quotient) component related to hard skills”.[15] Hard and soft skills are usually defined as similar concepts or complements. This fact demonstrates how these two different types of abilities are strictly related.

Hard skills were the only skills necessary for career employment and were generally quantifiable and measurable from an educational background, work experience or through interview. Success at work seemed to be related solely to the technical ability of completing tasks. For this reason, employer and companies used to hire new people based only on their objective competencies. This clarifies why nowadays people with good soft skills are in such shorter supply than workers with good hard skills.

The trend has changed in the last years, in part due to more businesses adopting a hybrid work environment.[19] Hard skills still represent a fundamental aspect, but soft skills equaled them for importance. According to the leadership professor Robert Lavasseur, most of the researchers he interviewed in this field  “rated soft skills higher than technical skills”.[18] Studies by Stanford Research Institute and the Carnegie Mellon Foundation among Fortune 500 CEOs confirm this idea establishing that 75% of long term job success resulted from soft skills and only 25% from technical skills (Sinha, 2008). Another study found that 80% of achievements in career are determined by soft skills and only 20% by hard skills.

In employment sectors that have seen rapid growth, employers have stated that newly graduated employees possess a skill gap. This skill gap resides between soft and hard skills, these newly graduated employees possess the hard skills required and expected, but are lacking the soft skills.[20] Research shows the effect of poorer soft skills on life outcomes, and how improving these can fill skills gaps or increase individuals’ own life circumstances.[21]

Measurement[edit]

Studies by the OECD in 2015 suggested soft skills can be meaningfully measured within cultural and linguistic boundaries. Such measures include a combination of methods that include self-reported personality, behavioural surveys and objective psychological assessments. These measurements can be improved by collecting data from multiple sources across learning contexts such as the school environment, family context and the wider community and triangulating the data (OECD, 2015).[22]

This is because surveys can be subject to bias and having multiple sources such as self, teacher, peer and parental reporting can provide unique perspectives on student’s skills as well as infer latent personality (John and De Fruyt, 2014).[23]  In addition, anchoring vignettes is another a method that can be implemented to lessen biases and increase data quality as well as improve cross-cultural comparability of soft skill assessments (King, Murray, Salomon, and Tandon, 2003;[24] Kyllonen and Bertling, 2014[25]). Frameworks have been developed to measure and progress in essential soft skills, such as the Universal Framework for Essential Skills. [26]

Education[edit]

Because of their rising importance, the need to teach soft skills has become a major concern for educators and employers all over the world.[27][28] Because soft skills are poorly defined, teaching them is more challenging, compared to classical skills. For this reason, the first step consists of understanding how to evaluate them, so that educators can track student progress.

As for teaching, evaluating soft skills is harder than technical skills. “Quizzes or exams cannot accurately measure interpersonal and leadership skills”.[29] Group projects seem to be a good way to develop soft skills, but evaluating them still represents a hard obstacle. Researchers consider peer evaluation a good compromise between working in groups and an objective evaluation. The researches conducted on this topic reported both positive and negative results.[29] The study carried out by professor Zhang of Georgia Southern University, although with few participants, “is an initial step in designing and validating a peer assessment scale”.[29]

“The development of soft skills is much more difficult than the development of hard skills because it requires actively interacting with others on an ongoing basis and being willing to accept behavioral feedback”.[18] While hard skills can be learned studying from a book or from individual training, soft skills needs a combination of environment and other people to be mastered. For this reason, learning doesn’t depend solely on the person, but it is influenced by different factors that make the education harder and unpredictable.

Training transfer, “defined as the extent to which what is learned in training is applied on the job and enhances job-related performance”,[30] is another reason why the education of soft skills is hard. “Prior research and anecdotal evidence has emphasized that soft-skills training is significantly less likely to transfer from training to job than hard-skills training”.[30] This forces companies and organizations to invest more money and time in training, and not all are willing to do it.[30]

The OECD ‘’Future of Education and Skills 2030’’ report released in 2019 highlighted the growing importance of soft skills in education due to trends such as globalization and rapid advancements in technology and artificial intelligence, which demand changes of the labor market and the skills future workers require in order to succeed. It says, “to remain competitive, workers will need to acquire new skills continually, which requires flexibility, a positive attitude towards lifelong learning and curiosity”.[31]

Research has been conducted investigating the transfer of soft skills and knowledge through formats such as play (DeKorver, Choi and Town, 2017[32]) as well as project-based learning (Lee and Tsai, 2004[33]). Another key finding from the literature is that in order to maximize benefits of soft skills over the long-term, they should be focused on young children particularly from the age of 1 – 9 years old. Nobel prize winners Heckman and Kautz (2012[34]) provided evidence of this in their analysis of the Perry Preschool Soft Skills program, where they found how personality traits can be changed in ways that produce beneficial life outcomes. The program involved teaching social skills to 3 and 4-year-old children from low income black families with initial IQ scores below 85 at age 3. 128 children participated in the four year high-quality preschool education program which emphasized active learning. The children were involved in activities designed to develop their decision making and problem solving skills and that were planned, executed and reviewed by the children themselves with support from adults. Teachers also paid weekly 1.5 hour visits to each student’s home to involve the mother in the educational process and help implement the preschool curriculum at home.

This longitudinal study was evaluated using randomized controlled trials (RCT). It was found that the group which experienced the enrichment preschool program compared to the control group which didn’t participate had significantly more positive life outcomes than their peers by the age of 40. This included that 60% of the program group earned more per year (over US$20,000) as compared to the 40% that the non-program group. In addition, 77% of the program group graduated high school whereas only 60% of the non-program group graduated. Other life outcomes included program school participants were less likely to get arrested, owned their own home and car and had fewer teenage pregnancies (Heckman and Kautz, 2012[34]). Evidence from other studies are consistent with the findings from the Perry Preschool Program, such as data from Project STAR (Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio) carried out by Krueger and Whitmore (2001[35]) and Project PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) that teaches self-control, emotional awareness and social-problem skills aimed at elementary school children (Bierman et al., 2010[36]). Both studies have found implementing soft skills education to small groups of children at a young age have led to significantly higher wages in early adulthood compared to their peers and other lifetime successes (Dee and West, 2011;[37] Durlak et al., 2011[38]).

IBM SkillsBuild has soft skills training courses.[39]

Metacognition[edit]

The same OECD report emphasized the importance of metacognitive skills for lifelong learning. Metacognition amounts to thinking about one’s thinking. More specifically, it refers to the processes used to assess one’s understanding. It includes critical thinking, reflection, and awareness of oneself as a thinker and a learner (Chick, 2013). With increasing automation, purely cognitive or professional skills no longer suffice to navigate this VUCA world (volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous) (Yeo, 2019,[40] OECD 2015.[22]

Employment[edit]

According to the OECD’s Skills Outlook 2019 report, life-long learning or metacognition, is becoming more necessary for employment and for handling a future environment of increased uncertainty. The report states, ‘humans are likely to be able to handle uncertainty better than AI,’ as an artificial intelligence can complete specific tasks efficiently, but cannot be easily programmed to account for the uncertainty and unexpected complexity encountered in working with humans or for human customers. Put another way, soft skills are very difficult to code. In contrast, humans can respond more readily to uncertainty, volatility, complexity, and ambiguity, through being adaptable learners and being able to readily adopt, develop, and discard their beliefs and their understanding of the world, when given a new context (OECD, 2019[41]). That said, humans sometimes fail to adapt productively, and machines, in many cases, lack those capacities entirely (Laukkonen, Biddell and Gallagher, 2018[42]).

Criticism[edit]

While “soft skills” have become increasingly taught in educational programs worldwide, some scholars have shown the inconsistent usage of the term, as well as the ways it is used to control, rather than empower, employees. Deborah Cameron, for example, shows that the growing focus on “communication” skills among service providers in the UK has limited workers’ forms of expression and produced uniform conversational codes.[43] Kori Allan demonstrates that state-run integration programs for new immigrants in Canada, employ the focus on soft skills so that individuals adopt the interpersonal cultural norms of Canadian society.[44] In China, the Ministry of Education has sought to promote students’ self-expression and communicational skills at the expense of exam-driven learning, yet the difficulty in measuring these abilities,[45] and moreover the fact that these abilities are more easily identified among the urban elite rather than democratically accessible,[46] has curtailed much of these efforts. As Gil Hizi shows, rather than being treated as objectively recognized abilities necessary for the job market, people in China who foster soft skills regard themselves as becoming more individualistic and cosmopolitan in contrast to the demands of their local culture.[47]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ “Why “power skills” is the new term for soft skills in the hybrid work world”. 18 February 2022.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b “NACE Defines Career Readiness, Identifies Key Competencies”. National Association of Colleges and Employers. Retrieved 9 March 2021. The National Association of Colleges and Employers, through a task force of college career services and HR/staffing professionals, has developed a definition, based on extensive research among employers, and identified eight competencies associated with career readiness.
  3. ^ Tritelli, David (20 January 2015). “Employers Judge Recent Graduates Ill-Prepared for Today’s Workplace, Endorse Broad and Project-Based Learning as Best Preparation for Career Opportunity and Long-Term Success”. Association of American Colleges and Universities. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  4. ^ “Core competencies — importance of a set of base transferable skills”. National Skills Commission. Australian government. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  5. ^ Workforce connections: Key soft skills that foster youth workforce success, Child Trends, June 2015
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b c Claxton, Guy; Costa, A.; Kallick, Bena. “Hard thinking about soft skills”. Educational Leadership. 73: 60–64.
  7. ^ “The Core Leadership Skills You Need in Every Role”. Center for Creative Leadership. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  8. ^ CON Reg 350-100-1 (PDF), Fort Monroe, Virginia: UNITED STATES CONTINENTAL ARMY COMMAND, 1968, retrieved November 21, 2016
  9. ^ Silber, K.H. & Foshay, W.R., Handbook of Improving Performance in the Workplace, Instructional Design and Training Delivery, John Wiley & Sons 2009, ISBN 9780470190685, p.63
  10. ^ CON Reg 350-100-1, as cited in Whitmore, Paul G., “What are soft skills?”
  11. ^ Katherine S. Newman, Chutes and Ladders: Navigating the Low-wage Labor Market, Harvard University Press 2006, ISBN 0674023366, p.351
  12. ^ Jump up to:a b c Whitmore, Paul G., “What are soft skills?”, Paper presented at the CONARC Soft Skills Conference, Texas, 12–13 December 1972
  13. ^ Fry, John P., “Procedures for Implementing Soft-Skill Training in CONARC Schools,” Paper presented at the CONARC Soft Skills Conference, Texas, 12–13 December 1972
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b Whitmore, Paul G.; Fry, John P., “Soft Skills: Definition, Behavioral Model Analysis, Training Procedures. Professional Paper 3-74.”, Research Report ERIC Number: ED158043, 48pp.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Succi, Chiara. “Soft Skills for the Next Generation: Toward a Comparison between Employers and Graduate Students’ Perceptions”. Sociologia del Lavoro. 137: 244–256.
  16. ^ Heckman and Kautz, Hard Evidence on Soft Skills, 2012
  17. ^ “Employers Say Students Aren’t Learning Soft Skills in College”. Society for Human Resource Management. October 21, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  18. ^ Jump up to:a b c Levasseur, Robert E. (2013). “People Skills: Developing Soft Skills — a Change Management Perspective”. Interfaces. 43 (6): 566–571. doi:10.1287/inte.2013.0703.
  19. ^ Brown, Molly. “IT careers: 5 soft skills for engineering teams in 2022”. The Enterprisers Project. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  20. ^ https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/diversity/reports/KSG2015_SoftSkills_FullReport.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  21. ^ “Essential Skills Tracker 2023”. Skills Builder. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  22. ^ Jump up to:a b Skills for Social Progress: The Power of Social and Emotional Skills. 2015. doi:10.1787/9789264226159-en. ISBN 9789264226142. Retrieved 2020-04-28. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  23. ^ “The returns of going to university are higher among those in the higher social and emotional skill deciles”. Skills for Social Progress. OECD Skills Studies. 2015-03-10. doi:10.1787/9789264226159-graph16-en. ISBN 9789264226142. ISSN 2307-8731.
  24. ^ King, Gary; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Salomon, Joshua A.; Tandon, Ajay (2003). “Enhancing the Validity and Cross-Cultural Comparability of Measurement in Survey Research”. The American Political Science Review. 97 (4): 567–583. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000881. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 3593024. S2CID 229170977.
  25. ^ Rutkowski, Leslie Davier, Matthias von Rutkowski, David (2013). Handbook of International large-scale assessment : background, technical issues, and methods of data analysis. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-9512-2. OCLC 867469251.
  26. ^ “The Universal Framework”. Skills Builder. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  27. ^ “Employers Say Students Aren’t Learning Soft Skills in College”. Society for Human Resource Management. October 21, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  28. ^ Crowley, Elizabeth (25 October 2019). “Tackling the future ‘human’ skills deficit together”. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  29. ^ Jump up to:a b c Zhang, Aimao (2012). “Peer assessment of soft skills and hard skills”. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research. 11: 155–168. doi:10.28945/1634.
  30. ^ Jump up to:a b c Laker, Dennis R.; Powell, Jimmy L (2011). “The Differences between Hard and Soft Skills and Their Relative Impact on Training Transfer”. Human Resource Development Quarterly. 22: 111–122. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20063.
  31. ^ “OECD Skills Outlook 2019 : Thriving in a Digital World | en | OECD”. www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  32. ^ DeKorver, Brittland K.; Choi, Mark; Towns, Marcy (2017-02-14). “Exploration of a Method To Assess Children’s Understandings of a Phenomenon after Viewing a Demonstration Show”. Journal of Chemical Education. 94 (2): 149–156. Bibcode:2017JChEd..94..149D. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00506. ISSN 0021-9584.
  33. ^ Lee, C.-I.; Tsai, F.-Y. (2004-02-03). “Internet project-based learning environment: the effects of thinking styles on learning transfer”. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 20 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2004.00063.x. ISSN 0266-4909.
  34. ^ Jump up to:a b Heckman, James J.; Kautz, Tim (2012-08-01). “Hard evidence on soft skills”. Labour Economics. European Association of Labour Economists 23rd annual conference, Paphos, Cyprus, 22-24th September 2011. 19 (4): 451–464. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2012.05.014. ISSN 0927-5371. PMC 3612993. PMID 23559694.
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  36. ^ Bierman, Karen L.; Coie, John D.; Dodge, Kenneth A.; Greenberg, Mark T.; Lochman, John E.; McMahon, Robert J.; Pinderhughes, Ellen (April 2010). “The effects of a multiyear universal social–emotional learning program: The role of student and school characteristics”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 78 (2): 156–168. doi:10.1037/a0018607. ISSN 1939-2117. PMC 3534742. PMID 20350027.
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◦ Brieuc du Roscoät, Romaric Servajean-Hilst, Sébastien Bauvet and Rémi Lallement(2022), Soft skills related to innovation and organizational transformation. How to act in uncertainty?, Institut pour la transformation et l’innovation, March 2022 https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/english-articles/soft-skills-innovate-and-transform-organizations

What Is Soft Skills Training?

What Is Soft Skills Training?

Soft skills training is training to help develop or improve interpersonal skills. It consists of lessons to improve communication, increase active listening, resolve conflicts, and more.

What does People Skills Pro, LLC™ | PeopleSkillsPro.Org do ?

People Skills Pro, LLC™ | PeopleSkillsPro.Org provides our clients with state-of-the-art and top-quality People Skills Strategy, People Skills Advisory, People Skills Consulting, People Skills Resiliency, and People Skills Education solutions and services in all facets of People Skills Management across all major industries, from Infrastructure to Aerospace & Defense to Information Technology to Retail to Fashion to Heavy Construction to Hotels & Leisure to Agriculture and numerous more

People Skills Pro, LLC™ | PeopleSkillsPro.Org leverages our deep industry expertise and uses analytical rigor to help our clients make the best and most informed decisions more quickly to resolve their toughest and most critical business problems and challenges

rate synergistic total linkage through cross-media intellectual capital. Enthusiastically parallel task team building e-tailers without standards-compliant initiatives.

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